正解: A
Explanation/Reference:
Business attacks concern information loss through competitive intelligence gathering and computer-related attacks. These attacks can be very costly due the loss of trade secrets and reputation.
Intelligence attacks are aimed at sensitive military and law enforcement files containing military data and investigation reports.
Financial attacks are concerned with frauds to banks and large corporations.
Grudge attacks are targeted at individuals and companies who have done something that the attacker doesn't like.
The CISSP for Dummies book has nice coverage of the different types of attacks, here is an extract:
Terrorism Attacks
Terrorism exists at many levels on the Internet. In April 2001, during a period of tense relations between China and the U.S. (resulting from the crash landing of a U.S. Navy reconnaissance plane on Hainan Island), Chinese hackers ( cyberterrorists ) launched a major effort to disrupt critical U.S. infrastructure, which included U.S. government and military systems.
Following the terrorist attacks against the U.S. on September 11, 2001, the general public became painfully aware of the extent of terrorism on the Internet. Terrorist organizations and cells are using online capabilities to coordinate attacks, transfer funds, harm international commerce, disrupt critical systems, disseminate propaganda, and gain useful information about developing techniques and instruments of terror, including nuclear , biological, and chemical weapons.
Military and intelligence attacks
Military and intelligence attacks are perpetrated by criminals, traitors, or foreign intelligence agents seeking classified law enforcement or military information. Such attacks may also be carried out by governments during times of war and conflict.
Financial attacks
Banks, large corporations, and e-commerce sites are the targets of financial attacks, all of which are motivated by greed. Financial attacks may seek to steal or embezzle funds, gain access to online financial information, extort individuals or businesses, or obtain the personal credit card numbers of customers.
Business attacks
Businesses are becoming the targets of more and more computer and Internet attacks. These attacks include competitive intelligence gathering, denial of service, and other computer- related attacks.
Businesses are often targeted for several reasons including
Lack of expertise: Despite heightened security awareness, a shortage of qualified security professionals still exists, particularly in private enterprise.
Lack of resources: Businesses often lack the resources to prevent, or even detect, attacks against their systems.
Lack of reporting or prosecution : Because of public relations concerns and the inability to prosecute computer criminals due to either a lack of evidence or a lack of properly handled evidence, the majority of business attacks still go unreported.
The cost to businesses can be significant, including loss of trade secrets or proprietary information, loss of revenue, and loss of reputation.
Grudge attacks
Grudge attacks are targeted at individuals or businesses and are motivated by a desire to take revenge against a person or organization. A disgruntled employee, for example, may steal trade secrets, delete valuable data, or plant a logic bomb in a critical system or application.
Fortunately, these attacks (at least in the case of a disgruntled employee) can be easier to prevent or prosecute than many other types of attacks because:
The attacker is often known to the victim.
The attack has a visible impact that produces a viable evidence trail.
Most businesses (already sensitive to the possibility of wrongful termination suits ) have well-established termination procedures
"Fun" attacks
"Fun" attacks are perpetrated by thrill seekers and script kiddies who are motivated by curiosity or excitement. Although these attackers may not intend to do any harm or use any of the information that they access, they're still dangerous and their activities are still illegal.
These attacks can also be relatively easy to detect and prosecute. Because the perpetrators are often script kiddies or otherwise inexperienced hackers, they may not know how to cover their tracks effectively.
Also, because no real harm is normally done nor intended against the system, it may be tempting (although ill advised) for a business to prosecute the individual and put a positive public relations spin on the incident. You've seen the film at 11: "We quickly detected the attack, prevented any harm to our network, and prosecuted the responsible individual; our security is unbreakable !" Such action, however, will likely motivate others to launch a more serious and concerted grudge attack against the business.
Many computer criminals in this category only seek notoriety. Although it's one thing to brag to a small circle of friends about defacing a public Web site, the wily hacker who appears on CNN reaches the next level of hacker celebrity-dom. These twisted individuals want to be caught to revel in their 15 minutes of fame.
References:
ANDRESS, Mandy, Exam Cram CISSP, Coriolis, 2001, Chapter 10: Law, Investigation, and Ethics (page
187)
and
CISSP Professional Study Guide by James Michael Stewart, Ed Tittel, Mike Chapple, page 607-609 and
CISSP for Dummies, Miller L. H. and Gregory P. H. ISBN: 0470537914, page 309-311
