An effective information security policy should be designed with a long-term
focus. All other characteristics apply.
Source: ALLEN, Julia H., The CERT Guide to System and Network Security Practices,
Addison-Wesley, 2001, Appendix B, Practice-Level Policy Considerations (page 397).

Explanation/Reference:
The (star) integrity axiom of the Biba access control model states that an object at one level of integrity is not permitted to modify an object of a higher level of integrity (no write up).
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 5: Security Architectures and Models (page 205).

Section: Access Control
Explanation/Reference:
The Answer: It relies on two independent proofs of identity. Two-factor authentication refers to using two independent proofs of identity, such as something the user has (e.g. a token card) and something the user knows (a password). Two-factor authentication may be used with single sign-on.
The following answers are incorrect: It requires two measurements of hand geometry. Measuring hand geometry twice does not yield two independent proofs.
It uses the RSA public-key signature based on integers with large prime factors. RSA encryption uses integers with exactly two prime factors, but the term "two-factor authentication" is not used in that context.
It does not use single sign-on technology. This is a detractor.
The following reference(s) were/was used to create this question:
Shon Harris AIO v.3 p.129
ISC2 OIG, 2007 p. 126

Section: Cryptography
Explanation/Reference:
As it is an algorithm used for encryption and does not provide hashing functions , it is also commonly implemented ' Stream Ciphers '.
The other answers are incorrect because :
SHA-1 was designed by NIST and NSA to be used with the Digital Signature Standard (DSS). SHA was designed to be used in digital signatures and was developed when a more secure hashing algorithm was required for U.S. government applications.
MD2 is a one-way hash function designed by Ron Rivest that creates a 128-bit message digest value. It is not necessarily any weaker than the other algorithms in the "MD" family, but it is much slower.
MD5 was also created by Ron Rivest and is the newer version of MD4. It still produces a 128-bit hash, but the algorithm is more complex, which makes it harder to break.
Reference : Shon Harris , AIO v3 , Chapter - 8 : Cryptography , Page : 644 - 645

Section: Network and Telecommunications
Explanation/Reference:
While neither CBK nor AIO3 use the term "screening router," they both discuss how the packet filtering capabilities of a router can be used to block traffic much like a packet filtering firewall. Krutz and Vine use this term on p. 90.
"A scanning router" is incorrect. This is a nonsense term to distract you.
"A shielding router" is incorrect. This is a nonsense term to distract you.
"A sniffing router" is incorrect. This is a nonsense term to distract you.
References:
CBK, p. 433
AIO3, pp.484 - 485