説明/参照:
Explanation:
リスク軽減とは、有害なリスク イベントの発生確率や影響を許容可能なしきい値内に抑えることを意味します。プロジェクトで発生するリスクの発生確率や影響を軽減するために早期に対策を講じることは、リスクが発生した後に損害を修復しようとするよりも効果的であることが多いです。
誤った回答:
B: 回避では、リスクを完全に回避するためにプロジェクト計画を変更します。
C: 移転には、脅威の悪影響の一部またはすべてと、それに対する対応の責任を第三者に移すことが必要です。リスクを移転しても、リスク管理の責任が別の当事者に移るだけであり、リスクがなくなるわけではありません。
リスクに対する責任を移転することは、金融リスクへの対応において最も効果的です。リスクの移転には、リスクを引き受ける当事者へのリスクプレミアムの支払いがほぼ必ず伴います。
D: 強化は、実際にはポジティブなリスク対応です。この戦略は、機会の確率やポジティブな影響を高めるために使用されます。これらのポジティブな影響を与えるリスクの主な要因を特定して最大化することで、リスクの発生確率を高めることができます。

According to the CRISC Review Manual1, risk nomenclature and taxonomy is the set of terms and definitions that are used to describe and classify risks and their attributes. Risk nomenclature and taxonomy is the most important consideration when aligning IT risk management with the enterprise risk management (ERM) framework, as it helps to ensure a common and consistent understanding and communication of risks across the organization. Risk nomenclature and taxonomy also helps to integrate and harmonize the IT risk management processes and activities with the ERM framework, and to facilitate the aggregation and reporting of risks at different levels of the organization. References = CRISC Review Manual1, page 197.

Data leakage is the unauthorized or accidental disclosure of sensitive or confidential data to unauthorized parties. Data leakage can cause serious damages or losses to the organization, such as data breaches, fines, lawsuits, reputational harm, or loss of customer trust. Data leakage can occur due to various reasons, such as human errors, malicious attacks, or inadequate controls1.
An organization that uses a vendor to destroy hard drives faces a risk of data leakage, as the vendor may not properly or securely destroy the hard drives, or may access or misuse the data stored on them. The best way to reduce this risk is to use an accredited vendor to dispose of the hard drives, because it means that the vendor:
* Has been certified or verified by a reputable or recognized authority or organization, such as ISACA, NAID, or R2, to provide hard drive destruction services
* Follows the industry standards and best practices for hard drive destruction, such as NIST 800-88 or DoD 5220.22-M, and ensures the compliance with the legal and regulatory requirements, such as HIPAA, PCI DSS, or GDPR
* Provides a secure and transparent process for hard drive destruction, such as using a specialized shredder, issuing a certificate of destruction, or allowing the customer to witness the destruction
* Maintains a high level of professionalism and integrity, and does not compromise the confidentiality or
* security of the customer's data234
The other options are not the best ways to reduce the risk of data leakage, but rather some of the steps or aspects of hard drive destruction. Require the vendor to degauss the hard drives is a step that can help to erase the data on the hard drives by using a strong magnetic field. However, degaussing may not be effective or reliable for some types of hard drives, such as solid state drives (SSDs), and it may not prevent the vendor from accessing or misusing the data before degaussing5. Implement an encryption policy for the hard drives is an aspect that can help to protect the data on the hard drives by using a cryptographic algorithm to make it unreadable without a key. However, encryption may not be sufficient or applicable for some types of data, such as metadata, and it may not prevent the vendor from accessing or misusing the key or the encrypted data6. Require confirmation of destruction from the IT manager is a step that can help to verify that the hard drives have been destroyed by the vendor, and to document the process and the outcome. However, confirmation of destruction may not be accurate or authentic, and it may not prevent the vendor from accessing or misusing the data before destruction7. References
* Data Leakage - ISACA
* Hard Drive Shredding Services | Hard Drive Destruction & Disposal
* Hard Drive Shredding and Destruction Service | CompuCycle
* Electronic Destruction & Recycling | Shred Nations
* Degaussing - ISACA
* Encryption - ISACA
* Certificate of Destruction - ISACA
* [CRISC Review Manual, 7th Edition]

Continuity planning is the process of developing strategies and plans to ensure the continuity of critical business functions and processes in the event of a disruption or disaster. Continuity planning involves identifying the risks, impacts, and recovery options for various scenarios, as well as testing and updating the plans regularly. The primary advantage of involving end users in continuity planning is that they have a better understanding of specific business needs, such as the operational requirements, the customer expectations, and the dependencies and interdependencies of the business processes. End users can provide valuable input and feedback on the continuity plans, as well as participate in the testing and validation of the plans. End users can also help to ensure the alignment of the continuity plans with the business objectives and priorities, as well as the compliance with the relevant standards and regulations. References = Risk and Information Systems Control Study Manual, Chapter 4, Section 4.4.1, p. 204-205