A soft token, also known as a software token or an OTP (one-time password) app, is a type of multifactor authentication that generates a temporary code or password on a user's device, such as a smartphone or a tablet. The user must enter this code or password along with their username and password to access their account or service. A soft token can help improve security by adding an extra layer of verification and preventing unauthorized access even if the user's credentials are compromised. A soft token can also be implemented at a minimal cost, as it does not require any additional hardware or infrastructure. Biometrics, access control lists, and smart card are not types of multifactor authentication that can be implemented at a minimal cost.

Shredding is a data destruction method that physically destroys the hard drive by cutting it into small pieces using a machine. Shredding ensures that data is completely removed from the hard drive and cannot be recovered by any means. Shredding is suitable for hard drives that contain PII (personally identifiable information), which is any information that can be used to identify, contact, or locate an individual.
Degaussing, low-level formatting, and recycling are not data destruction methods that can guarantee complete data removal from a hard drive.

Screen Sharing is the default system tool that can be used in macOS to allow the technician to view the screen simultaneously with the user. Screen Sharing is a built-in app that lets users share their Mac screen with another Mac on the network. The user can enable screen sharing in the System Preferences > Sharing pane, and then allow other users to request or enter a password to access their screen1. The technician can launch the Screen Sharing app from the Spotlight search or the Finder sidebar, and then enter the user's name, address, or Apple ID to connect to their screen2. Remote Assistance is a Windows feature that allows users to invite someone to help them with a problem on their PC3. Remote Desktop Protocol (RDP) is a protocol that allows users to connect to a remote computer over a network4. Virtual Network Computing (VNC) is a technology that allows users to share their screen with other devices using a VNC viewer app1. These are not default system tools in macOS, although they can be used with third-party software or settings.
References: 1: https://support.apple.com/guide/mac-help/share-the-screen-of-another-mac-mh14066/mac 2:
https://www.howtogeek.com/449239/how-to-share-your-macs-screen-with-another-mac/ 3: https://support.
microsoft.com/en-us/windows/solve-pc-problems-over-a-remote-connection-b077e31a-16f4-2529-1a47-
21f6a9040bf3 4: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows-server/remote/remote-desktop-services/clients
/remote-desktop-protocol

Badge readers are devices that scan employee or visitor credentials, logging entries and exits from restricted areas. Video surveillance (B) provides a visual record but does not directly control access. Bollards (A) and fences (D) provide physical security but cannot detect or record access events.
Reference: Core 2, Domain 2.1 - Physical security measures.

TACACS+ is a proprietary Cisco AAA protocol