Explanation/Reference:
With Discretionary Access Control, the subject has authority, within certain limitations, to specify what objects can be accessible.
For example, access control lists can be used. This type of access control is used in local, dynamic situations where the subjects must have the discretion to specify what resources certain users are permitted to access.
When a user, within certain limitations, has the right to alter the access control to certain objects, this is termed as user-directed discretionary access control. In some instances, a hybrid approach is used, which combines the features of user-based and identity-based discretionary access control.
References:
KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 33.
and
HARRIS, Shon, All-In-One CISSP Certification Exam Guide 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, 2010, Chapter 4: Access Control (page 210-211).

Section: Analysis and Monitoring
Explanation/Reference:
Is a means of being able to track user actions. Through the use of audit logs and other tools the user actions are recorded and can be used at a later date to verify what actions were performed.
Accountability is the ability to identify users and to be able to track user actions.
The following answers are incorrect:
Documented design as laid out in the Common Criteria. Is incorrect because the Common Criteria is an international standard to evaluate trust and would not be a factor in System Accountability.
Authorization. Is incorrect because Authorization is granting access to subjects, just because you have authorization does not hold the subject accountable for their actions.
Formal verification of system design. Is incorrect because all you have done is to verify the system design and have not taken any steps toward system accountability.
References:
OIG CBK Glossary (page 778)

Explanation/Reference:
D or "minimal protection" is reserved for systems that were evaluated under the TCSEC but did not meet the requirements for a higher trust level.
A is incorrect. A or "Verified Protectection" is the highest trust level under the TCSEC.
E is incorrect. The trust levels are A - D so "E" is not a valid trust level.
F is incorrect. The trust levels are A - D so "F" is not a valid trust level.
CBK, pp. 329 - 330
AIO3, pp. 302 - 306

Explanation/Reference:
Aggregation is the act of obtaining information of a higher sensitivity by combining information from lower levels of sensitivity.
The incorrect answers are:
Polyinstantiation is the development of a detailed version of an object from another object using different values in the new object.
Inference is the ability of users to infer or deduce information about data at sensitivity levels for which they do not have access privilege.
Data mining refers to searching through a data warehouse for data correlations.
Sources:
KRUTZ, Ronald L. & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, John Wiley & Sons, 2001, Chapter 7: Applications and Systems Development (page 261).
KRUTZ, Ronald & VINES, Russel, The CISSP Prep Guide: Gold Edition, Wiley Publishing Inc., 2003, Chapter 7: Database Security Issues (page 358).

Explanation/Reference:
The RARP protocol sends out a packet, which includes its MAC address and a request to be informed of the IP address that should be assigned to that MAC address.
ARP does the opposite by broadcasting a request to find the Ethernet address that matches a known IP address.
ICMP supports packets containing error, control, and informational messages (e.g. PING).
UDP runs over IP and is used primarily for broadcasting messages over a network.
Source: KRUTZ, Ronald L & VINES, Russel D., The CISSP Prep Guide: Mastering the Ten Domains of Computer Security, 2001, John Wiley & Sons, Page 87.