Mandatory Access Control (MAC) is based on the idea of security clearance levels. Rather than defining ACLs on resources, each object and each subject is granted a clearance level, referred to as a label. If the model used is a hierarchical one (that is, high clearance users are trusted to access low clearance objects), subjects are only permitted to access objects at their own clearance level or below.
The labelling of objects and subjects takes place using pre-established rules. The critical point is that these rules cannot be changed by any subject account, and are therefore non-discretionary.
Also, a subject is not permitted to change an object's label or to change his or her own label.

To meet the objective of ensuring minimal data loss (no more than 30 minutes of data) in case of a failover, real-time replication is the best solution. This technique involves continuously replicating data from the primary site to the disaster recovery (DR) site, minimizing data loss to the smallest possible timeframe (i.e., near real-time). Other options, such as content caching or nightly backups, do not address the requirement for minimal data loss effectively. Increasing bandwidth to the DR site may help with the recovery process but will not necessarily reduce the amount of lost data.

Passwordless authentication is an authentication method that does not require the user to enter a password. Instead, it relies on alternative forms of verification, such as biometric readers (fingerprint or facial recognition), proximity badge entry systems, and hardware security tokens.
These technologies provide a means to authenticate users with higher assurance levels and would benefit the most from the use of the mentioned devices and methods.

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